1. Introduction | 2. OLS Regression: Handling Heteroskedasticity | Correcting with Robust Standard Errors | 3. ANOVA/t-tests: Experimental Comparisons | 4. Logistic Regression: Binary Outcomes | 5. Panel Data: Fixed and Random Effects | 6. Instrumental Variables: Addressing Endogeneity | 7. Difference-in-Differences: Causal Policy Evaluation | 8. Real Data Example: Academic Salaries | Conclusion